Palabras clave
Malestar general
Satisfacción laboral
Trastorno de estrés traumático secundario
Mecanismos de afrontamiento
Cómo citar
Resumen
En el presente estudio se valoró la situación psicológica actual de agentes de la Policía Judicial de la Guardia Civil que investigan crímenes relacionados con la explotación sexual infantil (ESI), con el fin de actualizar un plan de asistencia psicológica. Para ello, tratando de replicar un reciente estudio norteamericano (Seigfried-Spellar, 2017), se confeccionó un cuestionario online con 4 pruebas estandarizadas sobre bienestar psicológico, satisfacción laboral, mecanismos de afrontamiento, y estrés postraumático. El cuestionario se aplicó a 139 agentes, divididos en tres grupos según la frecuencia de trabajo contra la ESI (siempre trabajan con ESI, lo hacen ocasionalmente y no lo han hecho nunca). Los datos se analizaron realizando comparaciones de medias y calculando un modelo de regresión logística multinomial con las variables de interés. En contra de lo esperado, resultó que los agentes que trabajan siempre contra la ESI no presentaban mayor malestar psicológico ni estrés postraumático que los que no lo hacían, contradiciendo también en parte los resultados del estudio norteamericano. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de las limitaciones encontradas, y se formulan propuestas de mejora para futuros estudios.
Citas
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Baird, K. y Kracen, A. C. (2006). Vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress: A research synthesis. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 19(2), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070600811899
Beckett, H., Holmes, D. y Walker, J. (2017). Child sexual exploitation. Definition and guide for professionals: extended text. University of Bedforshire. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/623178
Birch, P., Vickers, M. H., Kennedy, M., y Galovic, S. (2017). Wellbeing, occupational justice and police practice: an ‘affirming environment’? Police Practice and Research, 18(1), 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2016.1205985
Birze, A., Regehr, K. y Regehr, C. (2023). Workplace Trauma in a Digital Age: The Impacto f Video Evidence of Ciolent Crime on Criminal Justice Proffessionals. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(1-2), 1654-1689. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221090571
Brown, J., Fielding, J., & Grover, J. (1999). Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers. Work & stress, 13(4), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379950019770
Burns, C. M., Morley, J., Bradshaw, R., y Domene, J. (2008). The emotion impact on and coping strategies employed by police teams investigating Internet child exploitation. Traumatology, 14(2), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765608319082
Cantanese, S. A. (2010). Traumatized by association: The risk of working sex crimes. Federal Probation, 74(2), 36-38. https://www.uscourts.gov/federal-probation-journal/2010/09/traumatized-association-risk-working-sex-crimes
Cartwright, A. y Roach, J. (2022). A price paid? A review of the research on the impact of investigating serious crime on the wellbeing of police staff. The Police Journal, 95(1), 109-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X211049335
Código Penal [CP]. Ley Orgánica 10/1995, de 23 de noviembre. Última actualización 28 de abril de 2023 (España). https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1995-25444
Craun, S. W. y Bourke, M. L. (2015). Is laughing at the expense of victims and offenders a red flag? Humor and secondary traumatic stress. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 24(5), 592–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1042187
Craun, S. W., Bourke, M. L. y Coulson, F. N. (2015). The impact of internet crimes against children work on relationships with families and friends: An exploratory study. Journal of Family Violence, 30(3), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-015-9680-3
Craun, S. W., Bourke, M. L., Bierie, D. M. y Williams, K. S. (2014). A longitudinal examination of secondary traumatic stress among law enforcement. Victims & Offenders, 9(3), 299-316. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2013.848828
Denk-Florea, C. B., Gancz, B., Gomoiu, A., Ingram, M., Moreton, R. y Pollick, F. (2020). Understanding and supporting law enforcement professionals working with distressing material: Findings from a qualitative study. Plos one, 15(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242808
Dennis, J. A., Khan, O., Ferriter, M., Huband, N., Powney, M. J., & Duggan, C. (2012). Psychological interventions for adults who have sexually offended or are at risk of offending. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD007507.pub2.
Department for Education. (2017). Child sexual exploitation: Definition and a guide for practitioners, local leaders and decision makers working to protect children from child sexual exploitation. Crown. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/child-sexual-exploitation-definition-and-guide-for-practitioners
Dodge, A., Spencer, D., Ricciardelli, R. y Ballucci, D. (2019). “This isn’t your father’s police force”: Digital evidence in sexual assault investigations. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 52(4), 499–515. http://doi.org/10.1177/0004865819851544
Engstrom, D., Hernández, P. y Gangsei, D. (2008). Vicarious resilience: A qualitative investigation into its description. Traumatology, 14(3), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534765608319323
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. (2007). Artículo 24. En Carta a los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea. http://fra.europa.eu/es/eu-charter/article/24-derechos-del-nino
European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation. (2023). EU Policy Cycle – EMPACT. EUROPOL https://www.europol.europa.eu/crime-areas-and-statistics/empact
Evans, R., Pistrang, N. y Billings, J. (2013) Police officers’ experiences of supportive and unsupportive social interactions following traumatic incidents. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 4(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v4i0.19696
Figley, C. R. (1995). Compassion fatigue as secondary traumatic stress disorder: An overview. En C. R. Figley (Ed.), Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized (1–20). Brunner/Mazel. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-97891-001
Foley, J. y Massey, K. (2019). Police officers and post-traumatic stress disorder: discussing the deficit in research, identification and prevention in England and Wales. The Police Journal, 92(1), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X18761284
Foley, J. y Massey, K. L. D. (2021). The ‘cost’ of caring in policing: From burnout to PTSD in police officers in England and Wales. The police journal, 94(3), 298-315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X20917442
Foley, J., Hassett, A. y Williams, E. (2022). ‘Getting on with the job’: A systematised literature review of secondary trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in policing within the United Kingdom (UK). The Police Journal, 95(1), 224-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X21990412
González, J. L. (2015). La Psicología Criminalista en España: presente y futuro. Papeles del Psicólogo, 36(2), 109-116. https://www.papelesdelpsicologo.es/pdf/2566.pdf
González Laskibar, X. (2015). Investigaciones sobre calidad, organización y satisfacción laboral en la universidad pública española [Tesis doctoral]. Universidad del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/dctes?codigo=99288
Graham L., Brown N., Plater M., Gracey S., Legate N. y Weinstein N. (2020). National Police Wellbeing Survey 2019. https://www.oscarkilo.org.uk/media/73/download?inline
Greenberg, N., Brooks, S. y Dunn, R. (2015). Latest developments in post-traumatic stress disorder: diagnosis and treatment. British Medical Bulletin, 114(1), 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldv014
Guardia Civil (2023). Servicio de Psicología: implicados en la estrategia de salud mental. Revista Oficial Guardia Civil, 946, 25-39. https://www.guardiacivil.es/documentos/revista/2023/946.pdf
Hartley, T. A., Sarkisian, K., Violanti, J. M., Andrew, M. E. y Burchfiel, C. M. (2013). PTSD symptoms among police officers: associations with frequency, recency, and types of traumatic events. International journal of emergency mental health, 15(4), 241. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4734407/
Heinemann, L. V. y Heinemann, T. (2017). Burnout research: Emergence and scientific investigation of a contested diagnosis. Sage Open, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017697154
Hernández, P., Gangsei, D. y Engstrom, D. (2007). Vicarious resilience: A new concept in work with those who survive trauma. Family process, 46(2), 229-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2007.00206.x
Hernandez-Wolfe, P., Killian, K., Engstrom, D. y Gangsei, D. (2015). Vicarious resilience, vicarious trauma, and awareness of equity in trauma work. Journal of humanistic psychology, 55(2), 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167814534322
Holt, T. J., Blevins, K. R. (2011) Examining job stress and satisfaction among digital forensic examiners. J Contemp Crim Just, 27(2), 230–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986211405899
Horvath, M. A. y Massey, K. (2018). The impact of witnessing other people's trauma: The resilience and coping strategies of members of the Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. Journal of forensic and legal medicine, 55, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2018.02.012
Instrumento de Ratificación del Convenio del Consejo de Europa para la protección de los niños contra la explotación y el abuso sexual, hecho en Lanzarote el 25 de octubre de 2007. (BOE núm. 274, de 12 de noviembre de 2010). https://www.boe.es/eli/es/ai/2007/10/25/(1)
Justo, A., Risso, A., Moskowitz, A. y González, A. (2018). Schizophrenia and dissociation: its relation with severity, self-esteem and awareness of illness. Schizophrenia research, 197, 170-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.029
Kohan, A. y Mazmanian, D. (2003). Police work, burnout, and pro-organizational behavior: A consideration of daily work experiences. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30(5), 559-583. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854803254432
Koons Family Institute on International Law and Policy. (2017). Online grooming of children for sexual purposes: Model legislation & global review. International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children. https://www.icmec.org/online-grooming-of-children-for-sexual-purposes-model-legislation-global-review/
Krause, M. (2009). Identifying and managing stress in child pornography and child exploitation investigators. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 24, 22-29. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-008-9033-8
Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., McCaslin, S. E., Inslicht, S. S., Henn-Haase, C., Neylan, T. C., & Marmar, C. R. (2009). Routine work environment stress and PTSD symptoms in police officers. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 197(10). http://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3181b975f8
Marchand, A., Nadeau, C., Beaulieu-Prévost, D., Boyer, R. y Martin, M. (2015). Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder among police officers: A prospective study. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 7(3), 212. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038780
Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
Middleton, K. C. (6-7 de junio de 2023). Discusión para los investigadores de los grupos de Explotación Sexual al menor. Conferencia para los grupos EMUME de la Guardia Civil, Madrid, España.
Ministerio del Interior. (2023). Portal estadístico de criminalidad. Ministerio del interior. https://estadisticasdecriminalidad.ses.mir.es/publico/portalestadistico/
Morales, J. (2012). Someone who understands: The effect of support on law enforcement officers exposed to disturbing media. [Tesis] Minesota State University. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/etds/163/
Mrevlje, T. P. (2017) The trauma and coping in homicide and sexual offences and Juvenile Crime Criminal Investigators. Journal of Criminal Justice and Security 19(4), 323–338. https://www.fvv.um.si/rv/arhiv/2017-4/01_PavsicMrevlje_rV_2017-4-E.html
Parra González, A. V. (2011). La pornografía infantil en la red. Especial referencia a la posesión simple [Tesis doctoral]. Universidad de Salamanca. http://hdl.handle.net/10366/115602
Parra González, A. V. (2016). Pornografía Infantil. Contexto Socio/Criminológico y Jurídico. Interacción y Perspectiva: Revista de Trabajo Social, 6(1), 23-41. https://gc.scalahed.com/recursos/files/r161r/w24608w/MejoradeCursos/DP_8.pdf
Perez, L. M., Jones, J., Engler, D. R., & Sachau, D. (2010). Secondary traumatic stress and burnout among law enforcement investigators exposed to disturbing media images. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 25, 113-124. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-010-9066-7
Pinilla-Cabanillas, A. C. (2019). Estrategias de afrontamiento ante situaciones críticas: un estudio descriptivo [TFM]. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia.
Powell, M., Cassematis, P., Benson, M., Smallbone, S., Y Wortley, R. (2015). Police officers’ perceptions of their reactions to viewing internet child exploitation material. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 30(2), 103–111. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-014-9148-z
Reguera, B., Cobos Redondo, B., Navarro, R., Gesteira, C., Fausor, R., Morán., García-Vera, M. P. y Sanz, J. (2021). Desarrollo de una version breve de la PTSD Checklist (PCL) basada en la definición de trastorno de estrés postraumático de la CIE-11. Ansiedad y Estrés, 27(2021), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.5093/anyes2021a8
Roach, J., Cartwright, A. y Sharratt, K. (2016). Dealing with the unthinkable: a study of the cognitive and emotional stress of adult and child homicide investigations on police investigators. Journal of police and criminal psychology, 32, 251-262. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-016-9218-5
Roach, J., Sharratt, K., Cartwright, A., y Skou Roer, T. (2018). Cognitive and emotional stressors of child homicide investigations on UK and Danish police investigators. Homicide Studies, 22(3), 296-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088767918759695
Sánchez, L. (2023). El trabajo del psicólogo en la Guardia Civil. Cuadernos de la Guardia Civil, Revista de Seguridad Pública, 69, 137-147. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8944655
Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. (2017). Assesing the Psychological Well-being and Coping Mechanisms of Law Enforcement Investigators vs. Digital Forensic Examiners of Child Pornography Investigations. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 33, 215-226. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-017-9248-7
Seigfried-Spellar, K. C. y Soldino, V. (2020) Child Sexual Exploitation: Introducción to a Global Problem en T. J. Holt y A. M. Bossler (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of International Cybercrime and Cyberdeviance, (1203-1223). Palgrave Macmillan. http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78440-3_53
Simonovska, T., Sinclair, R. y Duval, K. (2023). International health and wellness of online child sexual exploitation police personnel: individual, management, and organizational realms of responsibility. Frontiers in Psychology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155733
Skogstad, M., Skorstad, M., Lie, A., Conradi, H. S., Heir, T. y Weisæth, L. (2013). Work-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Occupational medicine, 63(3), 175-182. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqt003
Soto-Rodríguez, J. A., (2021). Evaluación y análisis de la eficacia de un programa de intervención en estrés policial [Tesis doctoral]. Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia. https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/imprimirFicheroTesis.do?idFichero=K4R0mzBSto8%3D
Steel, C. M., Newman, E., O’Rourke, S. y Quayle, E. (2022). Improving child sexual exploitation material investigations: Recommendations based on a review of recent research findings. The Police Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032258X221142525
Stevenson, J. (2007) Welfare considerations for supervisors managing child sexual abuse on-line units. [Tesis]. https://www.shiftwellness.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bound-Bramshill-Study-2007.pdf
Stinson, J. D., & Becker, J. V. (2016). Pedophilic disorder. En A. Phenix y H. M. Hoberman (Eds.), Sexual offending: Predisposing antecedents, assessments and management (15–28). Springer. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-2416-5_2
United States Department of Justice (2023). The national strategy for child exploitation prevention and interdiction: A report to congress. US Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/psc/national-strategy-child-exploitation-prevention-and-interdiction
Vargas Terrez, B. E., Villamil Salcedo, V., Rodríguez Estrada, C., Pérez Romero, J. y Cortés Sotres, J. (2011). Validación de la escala Kessler 10 (K-10) en la detección de depresión y ansiedad en el primer nivel de atención. Propiedades psicométricas. Salud mental, 34(4), 323-331. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2011-24052-005
World Health Organization (2017). Precención y respuesta de la OMS frente a la explotación y los abusos sexuales. Políticas y Procedimientos. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/ethics/psea-2019-sp.pdf
World Health Organization (2019) International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Derechos de autor 2023 Behavior & Law Journal